Winds and the Pressure Gradient Force

Wind is the movement of air across the Earth’s surface and is produced by differences in air pressure between one place to another. Wind strength can vary from a light breeze to hurricane force and is measured with the Beaufort Wind Scale. Winds are named from the direction from which they originate. For example, a westerly is a wind coming from the west and blowing toward the east. Wind speed is measured with an anemometer and its direction is determined with a wind vane. Since wind is produced by differences in air pressure, it is important to understand that concept when studying wind as well. Air pressure is created by the motion, size, and number of gas molecules present in the air. This varies based on the temperature and density of the air mass. In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli, a student of Galileo developed the mercury barometer to measure air pressure after studying water and pumps in mining operations. Using similar instruments today, scientists are able to measure normal sea level pressure at about 1013.2 millibars (force per square meter of surface area). The Pressure Gradient Force and Other Effects on Wind Within the atmosphere, there are several forces that impact the speed and direction of winds. The most important though is the Earth’s gravitational force. As gravity compresses the Earth’s atmosphere, it creates air pressure- the driving force of wind. Without gravity, there would be no atmosphere or air pressure and thus, no wind. The force actually responsible for causing the movement of air though is the pressure gradient force. Differences in air pressure and the pressure gradient force are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface when incoming solar radiation concentrates at the equator. Because of the energy surplus at low latitudes for example, the air there is warmer than that at the poles. Warm air is less dense and has a lower barometric pressure than the cold air at high latitudes. These differences in barometric pressure are what create the pressure gradient force and wind as air constantly moves between areas of high and low pressure. To show wind speeds, the pressure gradient is plotted onto weather maps using isobars mapped between areas of high and low pressure. Bars spaced far apart represent a gradual pressure gradient and light winds. Those closer together show a steep pressure gradient and strong winds. Finally, the Coriolis force and friction both significantly affect wind across the globe. The Coriolis force makes wind deflect from its straight path between high and low-pressure areas and the friction force slows wind down as it travels over the Earth’s surface. Upper Level Winds Within the atmosphere, there are different levels of air circulation. However, those in the middle and upper troposphere are an important part of the entire atmospheres air circulation. To map these circulation patterns upper air pressure maps use 500 millibars (mb) as a reference point. This means that the height above sea level is only plotted in areas with an air pressure level of 500 mb. For example, over an ocean 500 mb could be 18,000 feet into the atmosphere but over land, it could be 19,000 feet. By contrast, surface weather maps plot pressure differences based at a fixed elevation, usually sea level. The 500 mb level is important for winds because by analyzing upper-level winds, meteorologists can learn more about weather conditions at the Earth’s surface. Frequently, these upper-level winds generate the weather and wind patterns at the surface. Two upper-level wind patterns that are important to meteorologists are Rossby waves and the jet stream. Rossby waves are significant because they bring cold air south and warm air north, creating a difference in air pressure and wind. These waves develop along the jet stream. Local and Regional Winds In addition to low and upper-level global wind patterns, there are various types of local winds around the world. Land-sea breezes that occur on most coastlines are one example. These winds are caused by the temperature and density differences of air over land versus water but are confined to coastal locations. Mountain-valley breezes are another localized wind pattern. These winds are caused when mountain air cools quickly at night and flows down into valleys. In addition, valley air gains heat quickly during the day and it rises upslope creating afternoon breezes. Some other examples of local winds include Southern California’s warm and dry Santa Ana Winds, the cold and dry mistral wind of France’s Rhà ´ne Valley, the very cold, usually dry bora wind on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, and the Chinook winds in North America. Winds can also occur on a large regional scale. One example of this type of wind would be katabatic winds. These are winds caused by gravity and are sometimes called drainage winds because they drain down a valley or slope when dense, cold air at high elevations flows downhill by gravity. These winds are usually stronger than mountain-valley breezes and occur over larger areas such as a plateau or highland. Examples of katabatic winds are those that blow off of Antarctica and Greenland’s vast ice sheets. The seasonally shifting monsoonal winds found over Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, northern Australia, and equatorial Africa are another example of regional winds because they are confined to the larger region of the tropics as opposed to just India for example. Whether winds are local, regional, or global, they are an important component to atmospheric circulation and play an important role in human life on Earth as their flow across vast areas is capable of moving weather, pollutants, and other airborne items worldwide.

The Content Of A Video Based On A Practical Intervention...

The following report seeks to summarise the content of the video based on the topic selected from the assigned chapters 11 and 12; ‘anchoring’. The first section will summarize the content of the video and examine the concept used to explain the ‘anchoring’ principle, specifically using it in a practical intervention for the British Heart Foundation. The report will then go on to describe the application of the principles of â€Å"Made to Stick† by Chip Dan Heath used in the project, focusing on the implementation of the principles throughout the video. Section 1: (Summaries the content of the video) + provide additional information Anchoring is defined as a process where â€Å"different starting points yield different estimates, which are biased toward the initial values† (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974). The British Heart Foundation was selected as an organisation for a practical intervention. 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The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company free essay sample

This paper aims to support Natalie York, the operations manager at Harnswell Sewing Machine Company (HSMC), in her intent to improve product quality in the company. In addition to analyzing production process data of half-inch cam rollers and explaining the results, this paper also gives advice on which actions Natalie should take and how she should approach the CEO and founder of her company. Phase 1 Based on the given description of the HSMC, points 1, 2 and 7 of Deming’s 14 points for management seem to be most lacking in the company. . Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service. 2. Adopt new philosophy. 7. Adopt and institute leadership. There is a huge need of organizational transformation in the HSMC and its CEO and founder, Mr. Harmswell, is currently not aware of this need. According to his own words (â€Å"if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it†), he is not striving for constant improvement and does not act proactively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than supporting his employees in thinking about how to improve their working environments, Mr. Harmswell relies on his past experiences. He even actively discourages his employees from â€Å"making waves† and uses fear as an instrument to paralyze the people in his organization (â€Å"What am I going to do with you if you keep coming up with these ridiculous ideas†). This indicates that he is rather supervising than leading his employees. Natalie York should think very carefully about her next steps and focus on the specific problem she discovered and not the whole production process when she approaches Mr. Harmswell next time. Natalie will only be able to implement changes when she comes to her boss backed with profound data analysis. Besides the data-based evidence of problems in certain parts of the production process, Natalie should show Mr. Harmswell the positive impact changes will have on the profit of HSMC. Keeping her language simple and her explanations easily understandable is another key for the success of her next steps. After Natalie successfully implemented a couple of smaller changes in parts of the production, Mr. Harmswell might rethink his attitude towards constant improvement and give her more freedom to have a positive impact on the organization. Phase 2: Using the given data about the diameter of cam rollers, we use Minitab to create a â€Å"Xbar-R Chartâ€Å", as shown in Chart 1 of the appendix. From this chart, we can draw the conclusion that Day 17 is below the LCL, out of control limit. Therefore one can say the whole process is out of control. Natalie notices that the average diameter of batch 17 is extremely low compared to the average diameters of the other batches. Our recommendation to Natalie is that she should check what happened on Day 17 to find the reasons for these out-of-control-results. As the next step, Natalie should take the required actions for solving the discovered problem. Phase 3: After Natalie’s further investigation, it turns out that the reason for the particularly bad results of work on Day 17 is the low temperature in the morning on which the batch was produced. By installing a thermostat in the manufacturing hall they solve this problem. Now, what Natalie should do next is to take this special batch out of the data and draw another Xbar-R chart. After excluding this special case from the data, Natalie can evaluate the rest of the data independently from this â€Å"special event†. The new Xbar-R chart shows this one special batch is not the reason why cam rollers always fall short. From the new chart, Natalie might identify what might be the other causes that result in the shortage. For further information, please refer to Chart 2 in the appendix. Natalie and Jim install the thermostat and set the heating control so that heats turns on half an hour before the machine starts to work in the morning. These actions have a positive impact on improving the product quality as the scrap defects were caused by cold temperatures, affecting the normal running of the equipment. After setting the heating control, the machine will warm up to acceptable temperatures in the cold weather. By doing this, any scraps caused by the abnormal status of the equipment in cold weather will be avoided. Phase 4: Chart 3, the histogram of diameters, and Chart 4, the stem-and-leaf display, show that the range is from 0. 5072 to 0. 5077, which means all cam rollers meet the lower specification of 0. 5072 but some exceed the upper specification 0. 5075. The mean of the 150 sample diameters’ is 0. 5075. The mean diameter equals the upper limit of the diameter. There are 71 cam rollers having a diameter of 0. 075, accounting for 47. 3% of all samples; 49 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5076, accounting for 32. 7% of all samples; 7 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5077, accounting for 4. 7% of all samples. Chart 5, the pie chart of distribution of diameters, shows that there are 56 cam rollers which have a larger diameter than 0. 5075, while there are only 23 cam rollers wi th diameters below 0. 0575. 56 of the 150 rollers, comprising 37. 3%, are above the specification value. Therefore 37. 3% of them will be reclassified into a different and less costly category, which decreases total revenues and profits of HSMC. If this percentage is applied for the total years’ production, out of 7000 cam rollers 2614 will not be available for sale at normal price. Phase 5: Dave Martin, the machinist at HSMC, is already aware of the reasons why he has been producing many oversized cam rollers. With operating room of 0. 0003 inch, he has been aiming for the upper level of diameter because he did not want to produce undersized cam rollers which have to be scrapped. Dave Martin simply did not want to have trouble with Mr. Hanswell and other senior managers of the company. Natalie first needs to persuade Dave to adjust his aim to the exact center value and try to manufacture accordingly. Of course, Natalie needs to give Dave an assurance that he would not be held liable for the results. Because Natalie already has all the data she needs to conform to her forecast, we think it is time to go to Mr. Harmswell. She should show him that there exist some real problems and tell him the importance and positive benefits of adopting changes at HSMC. But she should be very careful not to overload her boss with too many graphs and numbers. The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company free essay sample This paper aims to support Natalie York, the operations manager at Harnswell Sewing Machine Company (HSMC), in her intent to improve product quality in the company. In addition to analyzing production process data of half-inch cam rollers and explaining the results, this paper also gives advice on which actions Natalie should take and how she should approach the CEO and founder of her company. Phase 1 Based on the given description of the HSMC, points 1, 2 and 7 of Deming’s 14 points for management seem to be most lacking in the company. . Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service. 2. Adopt new philosophy. 7. Adopt and institute leadership. There is a huge need of organizational transformation in the HSMC and its CEO and founder, Mr. Harmswell, is currently not aware of this need. According to his own words (â€Å"if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it†), he is not striving for constant improvement and does not act proactively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harnswell Sewing Machine Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than supporting his employees in thinking about how to improve their working environments, Mr. Harmswell relies on his past experiences. He even actively discourages his employees from â€Å"making waves† and uses fear as an instrument to paralyze the people in his organization (â€Å"What am I going to do with you if you keep coming up with these ridiculous ideas†). This indicates that he is rather supervising than leading his employees. Natalie York should think very carefully about her next steps and focus on the specific problem she discovered and not the whole production process when she approaches Mr. Harmswell next time. Natalie will only be able to implement changes when she comes to her boss backed with profound data analysis. Besides the data-based evidence of problems in certain parts of the production process, Natalie should show Mr. Harmswell the positive impact changes will have on the profit of HSMC. Keeping her language simple and her explanations easily understandable is another key for the success of her next steps. After Natalie successfully implemented a couple of smaller changes in parts of the production, Mr. Harmswell might rethink his attitude towards constant improvement and give her more freedom to have a positive impact on the organization. Phase 2: Using the given data about the diameter of cam rollers, we use Minitab to create a â€Å"Xbar-R Chartâ€Å", as shown in Chart 1 of the appendix. From this chart, we can draw the conclusion that Day 17 is below the LCL, out of control limit. Therefore one can say the whole process is out of control. Natalie notices that the average diameter of batch 17 is extremely low compared to the average diameters of the other batches. Our recommendation to Natalie is that she should check what happened on Day 17 to find the reasons for these out-of-control-results. As the next step, Natalie should take the required actions for solving the discovered problem. Phase 3: After Natalie’s further investigation, it turns out that the reason for the particularly bad results of work on Day 17 is the low temperature in the morning on which the batch was produced. By installing a thermostat in the manufacturing hall they solve this problem. Now, what Natalie should do next is to take this special batch out of the data and draw another Xbar-R chart. After excluding this special case from the data, Natalie can evaluate the rest of the data independently from this â€Å"special event†. The new Xbar-R chart shows this one special batch is not the reason why cam rollers always fall short. From the new chart, Natalie might identify what might be the other causes that result in the shortage. For further information, please refer to Chart 2 in the appendix. Natalie and Jim install the thermostat and set the heating control so that heats turns on half an hour before the machine starts to work in the morning. These actions have a positive impact on improving the product quality as the scrap defects were caused by cold temperatures, affecting the normal running of the equipment. After setting the heating control, the machine will warm up to acceptable temperatures in the cold weather. By doing this, any scraps caused by the abnormal status of the equipment in cold weather will be avoided. Phase 4: Chart 3, the histogram of diameters, and Chart 4, the stem-and-leaf display, show that the range is from 0. 5072 to 0. 5077, which means all cam rollers meet the lower specification of 0. 5072 but some exceed the upper specification 0. 5075. The mean of the 150 sample diameters’ is 0. 5075. The mean diameter equals the upper limit of the diameter. There are 71 cam rollers having a diameter of 0. 075, accounting for 47. 3% of all samples; 49 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5076, accounting for 32. 7% of all samples; 7 cam rollers have diameter of 0. 5077, accounting for 4. 7% of all samples. Chart 5, the pie chart of distribution of diameters, shows that there are 56 cam rollers which have a larger diameter than 0. 5075, while there are only 23 cam rollers wi th diameters below 0. 0575. 56 of the 150 rollers, comprising 37. 3%, are above the specification value. Therefore 37. 3% of them will be reclassified into a different and less costly category, which decreases total revenues and profits of HSMC. If this percentage is applied for the total years’ production, out of 7000 cam rollers 2614 will not be available for sale at normal price. Phase 5: Dave Martin, the machinist at HSMC, is already aware of the reasons why he has been producing many oversized cam rollers. With operating room of 0. 0003 inch, he has been aiming for the upper level of diameter because he did not want to produce undersized cam rollers which have to be scrapped. Dave Martin simply did not want to have trouble with Mr. Hanswell and other senior managers of the company. Natalie first needs to persuade Dave to adjust his aim to the exact center value and try to manufacture accordingly. Of course, Natalie needs to give Dave an assurance that he would not be held liable for the results. Because Natalie already has all the data she needs to conform to her forecast, we think it is time to go to Mr. Harmswell. She should show him that there exist some real problems and tell him the importance and positive benefits of adopting changes at HSMC. But she should be very careful not to overload her boss with too many graphs and numbers.

Influence of Men on Sarahs Development in the End of the Affair

Authored by Graham Greene, The End of the Affair is a fascinating must-read play featuring three major characters namely Maurice Bendrix, Sarah and Henry who help him criticize the conspiracies existing in relationships. Bendrix is a â€Å"middle aged bachelor who meets Sarah and Henry while beginning to write a new book† (Almeida Para.1). Henry, on the other hand, works with the British government as a civil servant.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Men on Sarah’s Development in the End of the Affair specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He is also the husband to Sarah. Sarah indulges in multi-relationships with men. She quickly forms a relationship with Bendrix, who becomes a slave of her love. Unfortunately, their love does not last. â€Å"One day, they survive a bombing during WWII. When she discovers that he is alive, she tells him that the affair is over† (Almeida Para.1). Her de cision is final, as she vows never to turn back to Maurice. Bendrix, on the other hand, does not heed to this decision. He encounters Henry in the city who fears that his wife is seeing someone else. Although, people can influence others in a positive way, the paper reveals how Sarah’s involvements with the two key characters: Henry and Bendrix, had negative impacts. Sarah’s involvement with Henry substantially impairs her perceptions about men to the extent that she results into adultery. Unaware of Maurice’s involvement with his wife, Henry â€Å"invites Maurice for a drink, expressing his worries that Sarah might be having an affair with someone† (Almeida Para.2). Upon realizing this, Maurice decides to hire an investigator who confirms the fears expressed by Henry. However, on realizing that Maurice had hired an investigator, Henry also gets clues that Maurice could have been priory involved with his wife. The setting of The End of the Affair takes pl ace when England was recovering from aftermaths of the Second World War. Right from the onset of the play, encounters of an unhappy couple, Henry and Sarah, are evident. In the course of their relationship, things roll from excellent to sour. The two separate. Henry admits his irresponsibility as a husband: He is not a first-class and true lover to his wife Sarah. Henry’s inability to play her marital obligations plays a significant role in making Sarah become unfaithful to him. This inability also contributes to her engagement in short term affairs. Sarah and Bendrix meet in 1939. The novelist Bendrix comes in to fulfill the function that Henry leaves unfulfilled.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two profess to engage in an undying love for each other. As Berardinelli notes, â€Å"Henry worked long hours on the war effort, Maurice and Sarah spent time in Mauriceà ¢â‚¬â„¢s flat. But on a night, when Maurice was seriously wounded in a German air raid, the relationship abruptly ended† (Para.2). As a way of reiterating, Bendrix denounces his earlier promises for undying love. Instead, he substitutes them with hatred, which she immensely directs to Sarah. Perhaps borrowing from her experience with Henry, Sarah believes in true love for Bendrix. In fact, she says, â€Å"All today Maurice has been sweet to me†¦He tells me often that he has never loved another woman so much† (Greene 46). Sarah clearly comes out to express what guides her love. She has had experience in the past with Henry, a man who is still her husband. Nevertheless, this experience has influenced her development quite negatively. She cannot trust words from a man who proclaims to love her irrespective of the number of times he utters them. The fact that she loves a man makes her believe in his love. She says, â€Å"If I stopped loving him, I would cease to belie ve in his love† (Greene 46). Expressing love in words would have no good to her, as men say them jokingly. Sarah deviates from the belief that love can exist between two people without physical contact based on her experience with Bendrix. Bendrix’s perception about love erodes Sarah’s perceptions about the same to the extent that the two spend some intimate time in his flat where they engaged in sex. Sarah’s involvement with men, particularly Henry and Bendrix, inculcates an enormous feeling of insecurity in her. Consequently, she indulges in new relationships without considering quitting the previous ones. In this regard, she reckons, â€Å"I have always wanted to be liked or admired. I feel a terrible insecurity if a man turns on me if I love a friend. I do not even want to lose a husband. I want everything, all the time, everywhere† (Greene 55). Although, she appreciates that love entails exploration of an unknown world. She has an incredible fe ar to explore and go through unknown encounters alone. She must seek an attachment elsewhere. Henry acts as a man who provides security to Sarah in case the new pursuits go haywire. In case she ends into extra marital affairs, she always goes back to him as she looks for another relationship. When she leaves Bendrix, she gets to yet another affair with a man by the name Richard Smythe while still maintaining Henry as her husband. This perhaps indicates that Sarah does not intend to take chances that are evidently unpredictable in the world of love. Sarah’s involvement with Henry shaped her attitudes towards men in such a way that she doubts their genuineness when they proclaim to love a woman. For instance, Sarah claims, â€Å"It is a strange thing to discover and believe that you are loved, when you know that there is nothing in you for anybody but a parent or a God to love† (Greene 70).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Men on Sarahà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Development in the End of the Affair specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Sarah, therefore, the only true love that a woman can be sure of is the one between her and God. For her, love has no boundaries and ends. It can continue to exist even if the two persons who were once engaged move apart and cease to contact each other. Unfortunately, men such as Bendrix, who Sarah has had their love experience, believe that â€Å"some physical intimacy is necessarily† (Berardinelli Para. 4). He cannot believe in something that he cannot smell, feel, see, taste or even hear. Sarah’s involvement with him presents two incongruent perceptions about love. This confirmed Bendrix’s beliefs. It fails to honor what Sarah believes about love. In fact, Bendrix declares that he â€Å"would rather be dead or see you dead than see you with another man† (Greene 23). However, their love turns out sour when the two separate for years. Bendrix’s involvement with Sarah had the consequences of shaping Sarah’s belief about love that prompted her to consider propagating acts unfaithfulness. He evidently had involved himself in numerous relationships, which were promiscuous in nature. Bendrix confirms his promiscuity when he says, â€Å"It was as if quite suddenly after all the promiscuous years I had grown up. My passion for Sarah had killed simple lust forever. Never again would I enjoy a woman without love† (Greene 46). It would widely possess some substance to argue that Sarah could not entirely and solely trust Bendrix. Bendrix past affairs ended without signals. Sarah would only end up deceiving herself that her relationship with Bendrix would last forever. Bendrix exemplifies this fact when he says, â€Å"†¦when I tried to remember her voice saying ‘don’t worry,’ I found I had no memory for sounds. When I tried to remember it, it was anonymous â €“ just a woman’s voice† (Greene 119). It is clear that Bendrix was set to forget Sarah since the breaking of their connectivity. Sarah says, â€Å"I’ve only made two promises in my life. One was to marry Henry; the other is to stop seeing you. And I’m too weak to keep either† (Greene 71). Sarah believed in true love that does not end even when people break contacts. However, her involvement with Bendrix may have widely contributed to the changing of this perception. Sarah, who believed in true love, also left him for unclear reasons. In conclusion, The End of the Affair is a masterwork that presents the influence that people can have on others. Sarah is such an illustration of women negatively influenced by two men: Bendrix and Henry. The author presents the physical and spiritual components of love in an intriguing way. He explores on the theme of adultery coupled with intimacies and jealous associated with it. To accomplish this, the influenc e of men on Sarah’s development is a recurring topic. By scrutinizing Bendrix and Henry’s involvement with Sarah, the paper declares the influence negative towards the Sarah’s cognitive development in issues pertaining to love.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Almeida, Tony. Plot Summary of the End of Affair, 2010. Web. Berardinelli, James. The End of the Affair Film Review, 1999. Web. http://www.reelviews.net/movies/e/end_affair.html. Greene, Graham. The End of the Affair. London: Heinemann Publishers, 1951. This essay on Influence of Men on Sarah’s Development in the End of the Affair was written and submitted by user An0le to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.